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Explain different modes of data transfer between the central computer and I/O device ?

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By Team EasyExamNotes

In a computer system, there are several modes of data transfer between the central processing unit (CPU) and input/output (I/O) devices.

These modes of transfer can be broadly categorized into three types:

  1. Programmed I/O
  2. Interrupt-driven I/O
  3. Direct memory access (DMA).

1. Programmed I/O:

In programmed I/O, the CPU directly controls the transfer of data between the I/O device and memory. The CPU sends commands to the I/O device to start a data transfer, and then waits for the transfer to complete before proceeding with other tasks. This method is suitable for small amounts of data transfer where the CPU has enough time to handle the data transfer.

2. Interrupt-driven I/O:

In interrupt-driven I/O, the CPU sends a command to the I/O device to start a data transfer and then proceeds with other tasks. When the data transfer is complete, the I/O device generates an interrupt to inform the CPU that the transfer is finished. The CPU then handles the interrupt, retrieves the data, and continues with its normal processing. Interrupt-driven I/O is suitable for handling large amounts of data transfer where the CPU cannot wait for the transfer to complete.

3. Direct Memory Access (DMA):

In DMA, a separate DMA controller is used to manage the transfer of data between the I/O device and memory, without the involvement of the CPU. The CPU sets up the DMA controller with the necessary information for the data transfer, and the DMA controller takes over the transfer process. The CPU is free to handle other tasks while the DMA controller transfers the data. Once the transfer is complete, the DMA controller sends an interrupt to the CPU to inform it that the transfer is finished. DMA is suitable for handling large amounts of data transfer where the CPU cannot wait for the transfer to complete.

Advantages and disadvantages.

Programmed I/O

Programmed I/O is simple and suitable for small data transfer, but it is slow and wastes CPU time.

Interrupt-driven I/O

Interrupt-driven I/O is suitable for handling larger amounts of data transfer, but it requires more hardware support and introduces overhead due to interrupts.

DMA

DMA is the fastest method of data transfer but requires dedicated hardware and complex software support.

The choice of data transfer mode depends on the requirements of the system and the nature of the data being transferred.

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